Internal Goldfish Anatomy
Limbah metabolisme dibuang melalui organ-organ pengeluaran seperti ginjal, kantung kemih, dan insang.
· Ginjal: Ada dua buah organ yang berwarna merah gelap yang terletak di bawah tulang punggung dan melekat dekat dengan rongga tubuh bagian belakang. Organ ini adalah ginjal yang berfungsi untuk memproduksi urin dan membuang limbah.
· Kantung kemih: Organ ini berbentuk datar dan oval dan berada di antara anus dan lubang ekskresi. Di belakang kantung kemih terdapat saluran kencing (uretra).
· Insang: Banyak limbah sisa metabolisme yang dibuang melalui insang.
Aktivitas kehidupan Maskoki diwujudkan melalui sel-sel dengan fungsinya sendiri-sendiri. Nutrisi dan oksigen yang diserap serta limbah dan karbondioksida yang dibuang merupakan bagian dari tanggung jawab sistem sirkulasi.
· Jantung: Organ ini tersusun oleh satu atrium dan satu bilik. Terletak di dekat hubungan antara tubuh dan kepala, jantung sebagai kekuatan utama dalam sistem sirkulasi berada di dalam rongga perikardial. Darah membuat sirkulasi berjalan dengan baik, yang pergerakannya sendiripun diatur oleh jantung.
· Pembuluh darah: Ada tiga tipe pembuluh darah pada Maskoki: pembuluh darah arteri, pembuluh dara vena, dan pembuluh darah kapiler. Di antara ketiga tipe pembuluh darah ini, pembuluh darah kapiler sangatlah kecil. Akan tetapi, ada banyak sekali pembuluh darah kapiler yang tersebar di seluruh bagian tubuh Maskoki yang menyediakan ruang untuk pertukaran udara dan substansi.
· Darah: Darah pada Maskoki berwarna merah. Merah ini berasal dari hemoglobin yang berfungsi untuk mengikat oksigen.
· Kantung sperma: Kelenjar kelamin utama (gonad) pada Maskoki jantan adalah sepasang kantung sperma yang berada di bawah organ gelembung renang dan di bagian belakang hepatopankreas. Kantung sperma berbentuk panjang dan datar. Fungsinya adalah memproduksi sperma ketika Maskoki jantan sudah memasuki usia matang.
· Indung telur: Kelenjar kelamin utama (gonad) pada Maskoki betina adalah sepasang indung telur. Indung telur yang sudah matang penuh berisi sel telur yang berwarna kuning. Zigot yang akan menjadi burayak dihasilkan dari pertemuan sel telur dan sperma akibat pembuahan di luar tubuh induk betina.
Sistem keseimbangan
· Gelembung renang: Organ ini berisi udara. Organ gelembung renang sering dibagi menjadi bagian depan, bagian belakang dengan dikompresi tengah. Fungsi utama dari organ gelembung renang adalah untuk membantu Maskoki naik atau turun agar dapat beradaptasi di dalam air.
· Sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin: Sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin ini berfungsi untuk mengkoordinasi pergerakan semua organ agar semuanya selaras.
· Sistem saraf: Sistem saraf ini terdiri dari otak, sumsum tulang belakang dan saraf. Ujung saraf ini berhubungan dengan semua organ sensori (organ sensori di kulit, organ akustik, organ penciuman, dan organ penglihatan, dll.) serta jaringan otot untuk mendapatkan impuls. Otak, saraf dan saraf tulang belakang dapat mengendalikan semua aktivitas di seluruh tubuh.
Sistem endokrin
Sistem ini dikendalikan oleh sistem saraf. Sistem endokrin berfungsi untuk menyesuaikan seluruh aktivitas tubuh Maskoki dengan mengeluarkan hormon.
*courtesy: GAB (Goldfish and Aquarium Board)
Internal features of goldfish
A、Musculoskeletal System
Goldfish can swim with the help of musculoskeletal system. Its skeleton can be classified into two types: principal skeleton and appendage. Controlled by nerve system, muscle attached to skeleton makes contraction so that goldfish can swim.
B、Digestive System
Foods are transformed into nutrition of fish body through digestion and absorption. The indigestive food is released in the form of faeces. Goldfish is always seen with a long line of faeces because its sphincter on anus is undeveloped. Goldfish's digestive system consists of mouth, pharynx and larynx, pharyngeal teeth, intestine, gallbladder, liver, pancreas and anus. It cannot swallow big-sized meat owning to its following features that its mouth is small; jaw has no teeth; mouth protrudes forward and internal wall is smooth. The thick muscles on upper lip, which can flex freely, help some food in mouth go further and release some out of mouth; so take-in-and-send-out movements come up while goldfish's eating. Behind mouth is pharynx and larynx, under which exists a pharyngeal tooth that will grind the food. After going through the abovementioned organs, food comes to esophagus and intestinal duct. Intestine is divided into three parts: foregut mid-gut and hindgut. There is no stomach in body cavity. Goldfish's overfeeding will make foregut expanded; its front abdomen looks swollen, which is harmful to goldfish's health. It is suggested that goldfish not get too much at a time. Please feed goldfish in the way of less amount and frequent meal.
hepatopancreas: Made up of pancreas diffusing around liver, hepatopancreas is a double-leaf filemot organ in the upper front part of mid-intestine. It can produce digestive mucus and detoxicate poisonous in body. Most surrounded by liver, Gall bladder appears oval. Digestive mucus made by liver and spleen is stored in gall bladder.
C、Respiratory System

Respiratory system helps goldfish inspire oxygen and expire dioxide. In the system the main important organ is gill. Gill:it is in the gill cavity under opercula. In each cavity are four pieces of gill arch on which are two gill lamellae. Gill filaments with abundant capillaries are lined on gill lamellae. When the mouth and opercula move harmoniously, bringing the dissolved oxygen into capillaries, water flows through gill, meanwhile dioxide in blood is released to water.
D、Excretion System
The metabolic waste is released through excretory organs of kidney, urinary bladder and gill. Kidney: there are two dark-red long steaks lying under the backbone and closely attaching to the backside of body cavity. This is the kidney, which produces urine and excretes waste. Urinary bladder:it is a flat and oval bladder and opens outwards between anus and vent. At the back of urinary bladder is urethra. The bladder is undeveloped. gill: most metabolic waste is released through gill.
E、Circular System
Goldfish's life activities are embodied through the cells with different functions. The absorbed nutrition and oxygen as well as the released waste and dioxide are carried by circular system. heart: it is made up of one atrium and one ventricle. Situating near the connection of head and body, heart, the power of the circular system, is in pericardial cavity. Blood makes a circulation powered by movements of heart. Blood vessels: there are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries. Among them, capillaries are very small, however there are many capillaries spreading throughout the whole body and providing room to exchange gas and substance. blood: blood of goldfish is red.
F、Urogenital System
Goldfish's reproduction is finished by urogenital system. Goldfish are oviparous. They are divided into two kinds: male and female. Spermary: the main gonad of male goldfish is a pair of spermaries that situate below the swim bladder and the back of hepatopancreas. Spermaries are long and flat. They can produce sperms after maturity. ovary: the main gonad of female goldfish is a pair of ovaries. Mature ovary is full of yellowish eggs. Zygotes form new fries after external fertilization of sperms and ova.

G、Balance System
Swim bladder: filled with gas, it looks like a long bad. Swim bladder is often divided into front and back parts with a compressed middle. The main function of swim bladder is to make goldfish up or down while adjusting their specific gravities by gulping or expelling air. Neural system and endocrine system: Neural system and endocrine system have the function of coordinating movements of all kinds of organs to make all the organs an integer. Neural system: it consists of brain, spinal cord and nerves. The ends of nerves are connected with all kinds of sensory organs (sensory organs in the skin,acoustical organs、olfactory organs, optical organs etc), and muscles to get impulses. Brain nerves and spinal cord can control activities of the whole body.
H、Endocrine System
Controlled by neural system, endocrine system adjusts all kinds of life activities of goldfish by excreting hormone.












